LEX Organization SENSE by yourDragonXi Δ 13th of September 2016 Ω 8:34 AM

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~ Fuel Legislation Research ~ Ethanol Legislation Research ~ Fatty Acid Esters Legislation Research	~ FAA New Commercial Drone Rule ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ
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~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ
~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ
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«LEX Sensing	Θ	Θ
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~ Fuel Legislation by VTT/EU

»Fuel Legislation by VTT/EU

The World Wide Fuel Charter of the vehicle and engine manufacturers
ξ is an important document regarding fuel quality

EU Directive 98/70/EC and its amendment 2003/17/EC
ξ include fuel requirements to ensure that gasoline and diesel fuel are suitable for vehicles as regards to exhaust emission control
ξ these Directives only cover fuels containing a mineral oil portion of more than 70%

ξ The European standards on transport fuels,
ξ EN 228 for gasoline and EN 590 for diesel,
ξ set a wider scale of fuel requirements to ensure many aspects of operability, safety, durability and performance
ξ For diesel fuel, the European Directive 2003/17/EC currently sets limit values only on a few properties:
ξ cetane number, density, 95% point of distillation, content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and sulfur
ξ The EN 590 standard for diesel fuel covers a wide scale of fuel properties like flash point,
ξ water content, copper strip corrosion, oxidation stability, lubricity, viscosity, and cold properties

January 31st 2007, the Commission proposed changes to the fuels Directive
ξ increasing the use of biofuels is included in the proposal
ξ the proposal includes an obligation for fuel suppliers to reduce greenhouse gas emissions over the life-cycle of their fuels by 1% annually from 2011 onwards (on energy basis, compared to 2010 level)
ξ this will result in a 10% cut by 2020
ξ a separate "high biofuel gasoline quality" will be established
ξ this blend allows higher content of oxygenates, e.g. up to 10% ethanol
ξ this blend will be clearly marked
ξ to compensate for an increase in evaporative emissions due to greater use of ethanol,
ξ the Commission will put forward a proposal for the mandatory introduction of vapor recovery equipment at filling stations later in 2007

From January 2009
ξ sulfur content of diesel fuel shall be maximum 10 ppm
ξ this will cut primarily particulate matter emission,
ξ but also enables introduction of sophisticated emission-control devices
ξ the maximum content of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), will be reduced by one-third
ξ the permitted sulfur content of diesel fuel for use by non-road machinery and inland waterway barges will also be substantially cut

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~ Ethanol Legislation by VTT/EU

»Ethanol Legislation by VTT/EU

U.S.

ASTM D 5798
ξ Standard Specification for Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines,
ξ is the key specification used in the production of E85 fuel for flexible fuel ground vehicles with automotive spark-ignition engines

ASTM D 4814
ξ Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
ξ is the specification for automotive gasoline and its blends with up to 10 volume % ethanol

ASTM D 4806
ξ Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel,
ξ is the specification for the ethanol intended to be blended with gasoline at 1 to 10 volume %

Europe
ξ the European Committee for Standardization CEN is working on standards for fuel ethanol
ξ For ethanol used as blending component up to 5% in gasoline a draft standard prEN15376 is available
ξ In CEN.s system, a so-called CEN Workshop Agreement (CWA) is the lowest level of standards
ξ A CWA is the first step towards a CEN standard. A CWA for E85, .Automotive fuels. Ethanol E85. Requirements and test methods, CWA 15293:2005., has been developed

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~ Fatty Acid Esters Legislation Research

»Fatty Acid Esters Legislation Research

Europe
ξ in Austria, Germany and Italy, national specifications for rapeseed methyl ester (RME) have been available for a long time
ξ the European specification, EN 14214, has been available since 2003
ξ the specification applies only to fatty acid methyl esters, FAME (processed with methanol),
ξ used as neat in engines designed for FAME or as diesel fuel component
ξ the EN 14214 standard specifies a minimum ester content of 96.5%.

U.S.
ξ The U.S. specification, ASTM D6751, has been available from 2002
ξ this standard defines the use of fatty acid esters as blend components with middle distillate fuels,
ξ up to 10% in diesel fuel as accepted in the diesel specification (D975)
ξ vegetable oils and animal fats can be used as feedstock, and any type of alcohol can be used in the production
ξ an ASTM standard for a blend of 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel (B20) is planned
ξ The U.S. military has developed own specification for B20 blends, CID-A-A-59693A

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~ FAA New Commercial Drone Rule

FAA New Commercial Drone Rule
ξ the FAA�s new rules for drones weighing under 55 pounds came into effect in late August 2016
ξ previously commercial operators could fly drones under the FAA Section 333 exemption
ξ the new rule aims to open the skies to approved and certified UAS
ξ so they can make an impact in industries such as news, utilities, agriculture and aerospace

The aviation branch of law firm Pillsbury specializes on UAS law and legislation
ξ Pillsbury Aviation�s Aerospace and Transportation Partner Jennifer Trock
ξ are also members of the firm�s UAS focus team answer the question
ξ How will the new rule impact UAS operators, old and new?

What are the most important specifications in the new drone rule !
ξ give near-blanket authority for commercial operations that the meet criteria in the new rules
ξ FAA gave waivers to operate beyond the new rules and the creation of a pilot certification system

ξ The opportunity to operate beyond the new limitations will give commercial operators a streamlined process
ξ to get authority to operate at night, beyond visual line of sight, and above altitude limitations.

ξ The creation of a new remote pilot certification will streamline the process of getting pilots.

What does the new drone rule enable for UAS operators or operations?
ξ The new rules enable commercial UAS operators to conduct flights in accordance with the requirements of Part 107
ξ without prior FAA approval for the airworthiness of the aircraft or
ξ permission to conduct the flight, typically required for all manned aircraft and their operations.

How this increase the current number of drones flying in the U.S.?
ξ FAA forecasts as many as 600,000 drones to be operating under the new rule within 2016.
ξ the new rules expected to result in a large increase in the number of commercial operations, and
ξ except for those operators seeking approval to operate beyond the new limits
ξ FAA should not have a considerable burden with the new rule.

What are the implications of the new drone rule and how it will impact the UAS market in the U.S.?
ξ expected a big increase in demand for UAS,
ξ which should further spur UAS development and new technologies for the benefits of business and aviation safety.
ξ new rules are a big step in the FAA�s phased integration of UAS into the national airspace
ξ FAA to examine rules for micro-sized and large drones

What will be the opportunities for drone operators that will open up as a result of the new law?
ξ new opportunities for drone operators to use UAS for high-altitude building and structure inspections
ξ as long as the drone stays within 400 feet of the structure

ξ the waivers will open up big opportunities for businesses to use drones at night
ξ with infrared technology cameras, beyond visual line of sight for inspection and monitoring purposes,
ξ above people for newsgathering and other public events, and at high altitudes to transmit communications.

What are concerns surrounding the specifications of the new drone rule?
ξ privacy
ξ security
ξ safety concerns

FAA
ξ »Unmanned Aircraft Systems by FAA

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