Diesel Organizations Δ 13th of January 2014 Ω 5:11 AM

ΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞ
~ International Energy Agency (IEA) ~ EU Research of VTT ~ Biodiesel FAME	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ
~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ
~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ
~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ
~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ
~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ
~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ
~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ξ ξ
«Diesel Sensing	Θ	Θ
ΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞ

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~ International Energy Agency

»International Energy Agency

select: ~[Σ] ~[Δ]!

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~ EU Research of VTT

»EU Research of VTT

There are a number of alternative routes to diesel-type biofuels.
The abbreviations are not commonly harmonized.

SVO
ξ straight vegetable oil
ξ not recommended for high speed diesel applications

VOE
ξ vegetable oil esters,
ξ traditional "biodiesel"
ξ typically methyl esters, FAME
ξ from an end-use point of view traditional esterified biodiesel VOE or FAME resembles ethanol
ξ in the sense that both using FAME as a diesel component
ξ especially using FAME by itself presents some problems
ξ most current fuel specifications limit ethanol concentration in gasoline as well as FAME concentration in diesel to 5.10%

HVO
ξ hydrotreated vegetable oils and fats (NExBTL, H-BIO)

BTL
ξ Biomass ===> Gasification & Fischr-Tropch ===> BTL
ξ FT diesel
ξ C_nH_2n+2
ξ Biomass-to-Liquids, gasification of any hydrocarbon biomass (e.g. biowaste) followed by Fischer-Tropsch liquefaction
ξ actual BTL is in the precommercial stage
ξ when solid biomass is transformed into liquid fuels, the conversion losses are significant !

Paraffinic diesel fuel
ξ both hydrotreatment of vegetable oils and animal fats and gasification of biomass combined with a Fischer-Tropsch process render high quality paraffinic diesel fuel
ξ The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis can be used for any hydrocarbon-containing feedstock
ξ when the feedstock is natural gas, the product is called GTL (Gas-to-Liquid);
ξ in the case of coal, CTL (Coal-to-Liquid); and
ξ in the case of biomass, BTL
ξ even low-quality heavy oils can be gasified and used as feedstock
ξ Syngas technology can also be used to produce gasoline, methanol, and DME
ξ Paraffinic diesel has very high cetane number and good combustion properties in general
ξ It is miscible with conventional diesel fuel at any ratio
ξ if used as such, it can reduce harmful exhaust emissions significantly
ξ there are no quality or end-use related limitations, synthetic type biofuels can easily contribute to increased use of biofuels in transport

ξ if hydrotreated vegetable oil is produced for edible oil,
ξ then the fuel is a first generation biofuel from a feedstock point of view but a second generation biofuel from an end-use point of view If produced from waste oils, then HVO could be considered a second generation biofuel.

Second Generation Biofuel
ξ BTL from cellulosic material or waste is considered an actual second generation biofuel,
ξ both regarding feedstock and end-use properties

select: ~[Σ] ~[Ω] ~[Δ]!

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~ sense for Ξ

select: ~[Σ] ~[Ω] ~[Δ]!

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~ Biodiesel FAME

»Biodiesel FAME
ξ Esters can be used as neat or as blends with diesel
ξ Cetane numbers are reasonable
ξ Low sulfur content and no aromatics
ξ Lubricity is excellent
ξ Impurities may lead to deposits in engine and exhaust after-treatment devices
ξ may dissolve impurities from distribution system and tank
ξ Material problems
ξ Stability problems
ξ Heat content of esters is low
ξ volumetric fuel
ξ consumption higher than with diesel, but compensated by higher density
ξ distillation range is narrow
ξ boiling point high -> dilution of engine oil, difficulties in the cold start
ξ Natural cold properties of vegetable oil esters are poor (additives can help)
ξ Biodegradable
ξ leaks to ground or water less harmful than with diesel

select: ~[Σ] ~[Ω] ~[Δ]!

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~

select: ~[Σ] ~[Ω] ~[Δ]!

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~

~[Σ] ~[Ω] ~[Δ]!

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~[Σ] ~[Ω] ~[Δ]!

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~

~[Σ] ~[Ω] ~[Δ]!

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~

~[Σ] ~[Ω] ~[Δ]!

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Small & Smart Inc reserves rights to change this document without any notice
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~