California's CO₂ Sensing Δ 13th of January 2014 Ω 5:11 AM

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~ Calera Corporation ~ Carbon Sciences ~ Climate Change Business Journal	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ
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«U.S. CO₂ Sensing	Θ	Θ
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~ Calera Corporation

»Calera Corporation

»Cement from CO2: A Concrete Cure for Global Warming?
ξ The turbines at Moss Landing power plant on the California coast burn through natural gas
ξ to pump out more than 1,000 megawatts of electric power
ξ The 700-degree Fahrenheit (370-degree Celsius) fumes left over contain at least 30,000 parts per million of carbon dioxide (CO2),
ξ the primary greenhouse gas responsible for global warming�along with other pollutants.
ξ today this flue gas wafts up and out of the power plant's enormous smokestacks
ξ by simply bubbling it through the nearby seawater,
ξ a new California-based company called Calera says it can use more than 90 % of that CO2 to make something useful: cement

ξ It's a twist that could make a polluting substance into a way to reduce greenhouse gases
ξ Cement, which is mostly commonly composed of calcium silicates,
ξ requires heating limestone and other ingredients to 2,640 degrees F (1,450 degrees C) by burning fossil fuels
ξ and is the third largest source of greenhouse gas pollution in the U.S., according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
ξ Making one ton of cement results in the emission of roughly one ton of CO2�and in some cases much more.

ξ While Calera's process of making calcium carbonate cement wouldn't eliminate all CO2 emissions,
ξ it would reverse that equation.
ξ "For every ton of cement we make, we are sequestering half a ton of CO2,"
ξ says crystallographer Brent Constantz, founder of Calera.
ξ "We probably have the best carbon capture and storage technique there is by a long shot."

ξ Carbon capture and storage has been identified by experts ranging from the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ξ to the leaders of the world's eight richest nations (G8) as crucial to the fight against climate change.
ξ The idea is to capture the CO2 and other greenhouse gases produced when burning fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, and
ξ then permanently store it, such as in deep-sea basalt formations.

ξ Calera's process takes the idea a step forward by storing the CO2 in a useful product.
ξ The U.S. used more than 122 million metric tons of Portland cement in 2006, according to the Portland Cement Association (PCA),
ξ an industry group, and China used at least 800 million metric tons.

ξ The Calera process essentially mimics marine cement,
ξ which is produced by coral when making their shells and reefs,
ξ taking the calcium and magnesium in seawater and
ξ using it to form carbonates at normal temperatures and pressures.

ξ "We are turning CO2 into carbonic acid and then making carbonate," Constantz says.
ξ "All we need is water and pollution."

ξ The company employs spray dryers that utilize the heat in the flue gas
ξ to dry the slurry that results from mixing the water and pollution.
ξ "A gas-fired power plant is basically like attaching a jet engine to the ground," Constantz notes.
ξ "We use the waste heat of the flue gas. They're just shooting it up into the atmosphere anyway."

ξ In essence, the company is making chalk, and that's the color of the resulting cement: snow white.
ξ Once dried, the Calera cement can be used as a replacement for the Portland cement
ξ that is typically blended with rock and other material to make the concrete in everything from roads to buildings.
ξ "We think since we're making the cement out of CO2, the more you use, the better," says Constantz, who formerly made medical cements.
ξ "Make that wall five feet thick, sequester CO2, and be cooler in summer, warmer in winter and more seismically stable.
ξ Or make a road twice as thick."

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~ Carbon Sciences

»Carbon Sciences

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~ Climate Change Business Journal

»Climate Change Business Journal

Carbon Markets
ξ $33-billion in 2006
ξ $200-billion estimated by 2020

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California's CO2 Sensing Δ 13th of January 2014 Ω 5:11 AM

California's CO₂ Sensing Δ 13th of January 2014 Ω 5:11 AM