BIO Sensing of Ohio (OH) Δ 13th of January 2014 Ω 5:11 AM

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~ Ohio University Algae ~ Institute for Sustainable Energy and the Environment ~ Ben J. Stuart Monday, May 26, 2008	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ
~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ
~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ
~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ ~ sense for Ξ	ξ Dr. Gerri Botte ξ ξ
«BIO Sensing of U.S.	Θ	Θ
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~ Ohio University Algae

»Ohio University Algae
»Electrochemical Engineering Research Lab

Dr. Gerri Botter
»Dr. Gerri Botte
ξ received her B.S. in chemical engineering from the Universidad de Carabobo in Venezuela in 1994
ξ received her M.E. in 1998 and her Ph.D. in 2000, both in chemical engineering, from the University of South Carolina
ξ joined the faculty at Ohio University in 2002, where she is now an associate professor
ξ founded the Electrochemical Engineering Research Laboratory where she is the Director
RESEARCH INTERESTS
ξ Dr. Botte and members of her research group are working on projects in the areas of electrochemical engineering, power sources and fuel cells,
ξ numerical methods, mathematical modeling, material science, and electro-catalysis
ξ research consists in the application of chemical engineering principles to study fundamental problems associated with electrochemical technologies
ξ use experimental techniques combined with mathematical modeling to gain insight and understanding of electrochemical systems and
ξ to predict information required for their optimization and improvement
ξ the work on numerical methods consists on the development of efficient subroutines to solve the equations
ξ that described the transport phenomena and thermodynamics that occur in electrochemical systems
ξ current research has to do with the understanding, the development, and the design of fuel cells, hydrogen generators, and advance battery systems

Research where Dr. Gerri Botter involved

»Ammonia Electrolysis to Power a Hydrogen Fuel Cell

ξ Frederic Vitse and Gerardine G. Botte /Department of Chemical Engineering Russ College of Engineering and Technology Ohio University/
ξ an integrated fuel cell power system is presented, which includes an ammonia electrolytic cell for in-situ hydrogen production
ξ combined to a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)
ξ ammonia electrolysis in alkaline media as a source of hydrogen was selected
ξ low energy consumption during electrolysis in alkaline media
ξ high faradaic efficiency of the electrolytic process,
ξ high specific energy (in kWh/kg),
ξ simplicity of storage, and
ξ absence of production of poisoning, toxic, or greenhouse gases

»Morgan L. Vis, Associate Professor
ξ Ph.D., Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1995 Freshwater Algal Ecology and Evolution
ξ Email: vis-chia@ohio.edu
ξ research group collaborates with colleagues in mechanical engineering using thermophillic cyanobacteria for CO2 remediation
ξ and the use of algae for production of biodiesel !!!

Other research in Ohio
»Electrolysis of Ammonia: an in-Situ Hydrogen Production Process
»Ammonia Electrolysis
»AMMONIA SHOE-SIZED CAR

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From: Ben J. Stuart Email: stuart@ohio.edu Date: Friday, March 28, 2008
cc: vis-chia@ohio.edu; botte@bobcat.ent.ohiou.edu;bayless@ohio.edu

Chief BIO Officer - yourDragonXi,

Your recent inquiry regarding our algae biofuels program here at Ohio University was forwarded to me by Dr. Morgan Vis.
My name is Ben Stuart, and I am the Director of the Biofuels Research Lab and
the Associate Director of the Ohio Coal Research Center within the Russ College of Engineering and Technology here at OU.

Our biofuels program is only one of the research areas within our Institute for Sustainable Energy and the Environment.
While there are many microbial populations that can generate hydrogen directly,
a more appropriate technology for hydrogen generation that we are working on is biomass gasification.

However, after considering your goals, you may be more interested in contacting another OU researcher, Dr. Gerri Botte,
who specializes in the production of hydrogen through ammonia electrolysis.
She is the Director of the Electrochemical Engineering Research Lab and her email address can be found above.

Feel free to contact me directly with any specific questions or ideas that you may have,
and we can explore potential collaborative work to achieve your goals.

Ben
Ben J. Stuart, Ph.D., P.E.
Associate Professor of Civil Engineering
Director of the Biofuels Research Lab
Associate Director of the Ohio Coal Research Center
Ohio University
120 Stocker Center
Athens, Ohio 45701
ph/fax: (740)593-9455/0625

ξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξξ

Ph.D., Morgan L. Vis

Referring to the Research Program Summary at http://www.plantbio.ohiou.edu/epb/faculty/faculty/mlvc.htm
and specially to "Lastly, we collaborate with colleagues in mechanical engineering using thermophillic cyanobacteria for CO2 remediation
and the use of algae for production of biodiesel.", I'd be pleased to get more information about the project.

We are a California corporation. One of our platform product is an unmanned and autonomous helicopter (Xi) capable to drop wireless
sensors (Sensor4Xi), which could monitor environment. For longer environmental monitoring and analysis a base station (Base4Xi)
supports Xi helicopters and filters and analyzes sensored environment data to be uploaded to the network.
Networked mobile devices, which can communicate with above devices, are powered by MH2 fuel cells (hydrogen packed inside metal hybrides).

The goal is to use an enviroment friendly fuel and to migitate emissions. Biodiesel might be one step towards more environment friendly fuels,
or bio-LNG. However, they both contain a fossil fuel element.

Liquid hydrogen (LH2) as the fuel for Xi is what we are looking for and where we are search partners. Xi would only emit water and thereby be suitable to monitor environment.

We have to take into account "well-to-rotor" emissions i.e. the whole life-cycle. Therefore LH2 produced by new nuclear power plants will not fit into this picture.

We are exploring BIO-LH2 as the fuel and processes to produce hydrogen such as "The solar bio-hydrogen process using solar-powered bioreactors filled with single-celled algae can produce hydrogen from water" >> http://www.uq.edu.au/ or >> http://www.cmar.csiro.au/microalgae/biotech.html

Would You and Your research team in the Ohio University be interested to collaborate with us to develop "bio-processes" to produce BIO-LH2 ?

Kind regards,

Chief BIO Officer

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~ Institute for Sustainable Energy and the Environment

»Institute for Sustainable Energy and the Environment
ξ Ben Stuart is an Associate Professor of Civil Engineering at Ohio University
ξ he also serves as Director of the Biofuels Research Lab and Associate Director of the Ohio Coal Research Center
ξ Dr. Stuart’s research interests include biofuels production from renewable feedstocks
ξ – specifically algal biomass, CO2 capture using a novel photobioreactor, and biomass gasification
ξ other current and recent research projects have focused on arsenic removal using recycled waste materials as novel sorbents and
ξ the characterization, abatement, and treatment of acid mine drainage sources on abandoned mine lands
ξ is the author of 20 refereed publications including two books and contributions to two additional books
ξ has presented over 40 papers on his work
ξ Dr. Stuart received his Ph.D. from the Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering at Rutgers,
ξ the State University of New Jersey and he is a registered professional environmental engineer in the State of Ohio

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May 22, 2008 to Ben
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Ben,

Thank you for your answers !

I'd be more than pleased to get you opinions about the following:

1. WHEY ?
This natural by-product of the dairy industry has is the choice of New Zealand >> http://www.gull.co.nz/

a) 10 % of bioethanol in Gull Force 10 means that it is hydroscopic – absorbing water from the atmosphere or fuel tank ?
b) It is designed as a fuel for automobiles only and not suitable for use in any form of aircraft or helicopter such us yourDragonXi ?

2. OHIO State, Ohio University and Milk /Whey ?
c) would you be interested to explore with whey as a bio-fuel ?
d) would whey as a bio-fuel source even make sense; whey is a by-product, ... but ?

3. Algal (= Algae ?) biofuels research ?
e) any possibilities for S&S to collaborate with the Institute for Sustainable Energy and the Environment ?
S&S
~ is mostly interested to migitate emissions through the whole life cycle of yourDragonXi helicopter UAS system
~ has contacts not only in California but inside European Union which invests heavily to bio-fuels forcing member countries to commit to bio-fuel with EU legislation
~ there might be possibilities to change algae research results between EU and U.S.
~ algae is seen as a promising source to bio-fuels by some aerospace / airplane manufacturers / EU - unpiloted UAVs such as Xi are safer to test than manned air vehicles

4) Research funding outside U.S. ?
Unlike European Union, Japan, China etc DOE seems to lack long-term strategy and commitment to sustainable energy solutions, hydrogen being a good example !
EU & U.S. have common projects. Research results done in Ohio could be used in EU contributing to U.S. export.
Could the Institute for Sustainable Energy and the Environment consider alternative funding sources with S&S, for example with EU / with a EU member ?

5) Cyclone fuel ?
Referring to http://www.cyclonepower.com/comp_competition.html I'd like to get your opinion about this "cyclone fuel".
See their videos at http://www.cyclonepower.com/video.html ; clean burning = impossible !? multi-fuel engine = mission impossible !? engine cleans the air !? runs on most available fuels !?
burns bio-fuels = those developed in Ohio ? from biomass = also those developed in Ohio ?

I'd be glad to read facts instead of these "engine runs any fuel " / "this fuel is bio-fuel" / "you get zero emissions with this solutions" articles.
Scientific and long-term research as well as systematic testing combined with prototypes are needed !

Looking how the mother nature has solved problems in long term, bio-mimic science could have something to offer !?

Ronnie

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From Ben
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At 01:00 PM 4/23/2008 +0300, you wrote:

I'd be thankful to know from what kind of biomass do you plan to generate hydrogen? One of our goals is hydrogen produced locally, for example in Ohio, at least in U.S. not imported.

Our team uses ammonia or urea from livestock waste lagoons.

It would also be important to us to know the properties of the hydrogen you plan to produce both from engine's point of view to burn LH2 and from manufacturing point of view to produce MH2 fuel cells cartrides for electricity.

The hydrogen is pure.

The whole life-cycle and in this case the whole hydrogen production chain is important to us. For example, how environment friend is the harvesting and transporting of that biomass to factory.

We would suggest production of hydrogen on-site (where the ammonia or urea is located/stored/produced).

One challnege with hydrogen is that not even Mazda, BMW and other manufacturers who have built LH2 fueled cars agree themselves whether LH2 fueled car or other vehicle can offer the same performance as normal gasoline. So, it looks nobody actually knows or has proven the efficiency of LH2 as an engine fuel !

MH2/fuel cells we have tested and found NOT to be suitable to power the engine but ok to provide electricity i.e. yourDragonXi would NOT be an agile helicopter and couldn't perform aggressive manouvres in tight places, for example.

On the other hand it is proven fact that bio-fuels perform even better than standard fuels. Therefore I'd be interested to know Your opinion about bio-hydrogen and could it and/or bio-part be produced in Ohio?

The source of hydrogen does not matter as pure hydrogen will perform exactly the same regardless of the initial feedstock.
Our state's transportation infrastructure makes Ohio attractive as a production/distribution center
located between the farm-belt and the northeast US where consumption is high.

We have a partner in Ohio. Although they believe that LH2 hydrogen burns as any other fuel, I have a feeling that we needed collaboration with the University of Ohio to test LH2 properties as a fuel in scientific way. Would that be possible with our Ohio vendors?

I would expect so.

Are you involved with http://www.nrel.gov/programs/biomass.html ?

We are currently negotiating a contract with DOE for algal biofuels research and hope it is the start of a long-term relationship.

Let me know if you have any further questions.

Ben

Ben J. Stuart, Ph.D., P.E.
Associate Professor of Civil Engineering
Executive Director of the Institute for Sustainable Energy and the Environment
Director of the Biofuels Research Lab
Ohio University
120 Stocker Center
Athens, Ohio 45701
ph/fax: (740)593-9455/0625

t t t
"If any man would come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross (daily) and follow me"
Matthew 16:24 Mark 8:34 Luke 9:23 (RSV)

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~ Ben J. Stuart Monday, May 26, 2008

Ben J. Stuart Monday, May 26, 2008

Ronnie,

At 05:59 PM 5/22/2008 +0300, you wrote:

1. WHEY ?
This natural by-product of the dairy industry has is the choice of New Zealand >> http://www.gull.co.nz/

a) 10 % of bioethanol in Gull Force 10 means that it is hydroscopic – absorbing water from the atmosphere or fuel tank ?
b) It is designed as a fuel for automobiles only and not suitable for use in any form of aircraft or helicopter such us yourDragonXi ?

2. OHIO State, Ohio University and Milk /Whey ?
c) would you be interested to explore with whey as a bio-fuel ?
d) would whey as a bio-fuel source even make sense; whey is a by-product, ... but ?

This is new to me, and as such I am sorry to say I have not yet developed an opinion.
As for 10% ethanol in gasoline being hydroscopic,
I'd have to defer to someone else on the matter as I do not know wether blended ethanol has the same hydroscopic properties of pure ethanol.

3. Algal (= Algae ?) biofuels research ?
e) any possibilities for S&S to collaborate with the Institute for Sustainable Energy and the Environment ?
S&S
~ is mostly interested to migitate emissions through the whole life cycle of yourDragonXi helicopter UAS system
~ has contacts not only in California but inside European Union which invests heavily to bio-fuels forcing member countries to commit to bio-fuel with EU legislation
~ there might be possibilities to change algae research results between EU and U.S.
~ algae is seen as a promising source to bio-fuels by some aerospace / airplane manufacturers / EU - unpiloted UAVs such as Xi are safer to test than manned air vehicles

We spend much of our current efforts in algae biofuels research and plan to do more in the future.

4) Research funding outside U.S. ?
Unlike European Union, Japan, China etc DOE seems to lack long-term strategy and commitment to sustainable energy solutions, hydrogen being a good example !
EU & U.S. have common projects. Research results done in Ohio could be used in EU contributing to U.S. export.
Could the Institute for Sustainable Energy and the Environment consider alternative funding sources with S&S, for example with EU / with a EU member ?

We are happy to collaborate on funded research with any legitimate corporate or government agency, regardless of location.

5) Cyclone fuel ?
Referring to http://www.cyclonepower.com/comp_competition.html I'd like to get your opinion about this "cyclone fuel".
See their videos at http://www.cyclonepower.com/video.html ; clean burning = impossible !? multi-fuel engine = mission impossible !? engine cleans the air !? runs on most available fuels !?
burns bio-fuels = those developed in Ohio ? from biomass = also those developed in Ohio ?

I'd be glad to read facts instead of these "engine runs any fuel " / "this fuel is bio-fuel" / "you get zero emissions with this solutions" articles.
Scientific and long-term research as well as systematic testing combined with prototypes are needed !

Again, sorry... I have no knowledge of these systems and cannot offer an informed opinion.

Ben

Ben J. Stuart, Ph.D., P.E.
Associate Professor of Civil Engineering
Executive Director of the Institute for Sustainable Energy and the Environment
Director of the Biofuels Research Lab
Ohio University
120 Stocker Center
Athens, Ohio 45701
ph/fax: (740)593-9455/0625

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